George Easton
1) 2024
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It is 2024, and Keith Richards is about to be sworn in as the next president of the United States. President-Elect Richards, a member of the new Republican Tea Party, is intent on spreading a new message of hope between the warring parties now in power. The public is thrilled. His party is irate. Just as he takes his oath and America begins to celebrate, shots ring out. Seconds later, the new president is dead, and the vice president elect is now...
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"Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology" by John Dewey is a thought-provoking exploration of human behavior and its connection to social dynamics. In this influential work, Dewey examines the complex relationship between human nature, individual conduct, and the social forces that shape human behavior. The book begins by questioning traditional views of human nature and behavior, challenging the notion of fixed and predetermined...
3) Gorgias
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One of the middle or transitional dialogues of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, "Gorgias" depicts a dinner gathering attended by Socrates and a group of sophists. Gorgias, a foreigner, has been drawn to Athens by its cultural and intellectual sophistication. In this dialogue Plato contrasts Gorgias, the rhetorician, with Socrates, the philosopher, whose differing specialties are persuasion and refutation, respectively. As Plato delves into arguments...
4) How we think
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"How We Think" by John Dewey is a groundbreaking exploration of the process of thinking and its role in education and problem-solving. In this influential work, Dewey delves into the nature of intelligence, inquiry, and reflective thought, offering valuable insights into how individuals can enhance their thinking abilities and engage in meaningful learning experiences. The book begins by challenging traditional notions of thinking as a passive, linear...
5) Phaedrus
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Library of liberal arts volume no.40
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English
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Plato's "Phaedrus" is a dialogue between Phaedrus and the great Greek philosopher Socrates. Phaedrus has been spending the morning with Lysias, the celebrated rhetorician, and is going to refresh himself by taking a walk outside the wall, when he is met by Socrates, who professes that he will not leave him until he has delivered up the speech with which Lysias has regaled him, and which he is carrying about in his mind, or more probably in a book...
6) Pragmatism
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William James, who has been called the "father of American psychology", was one of the most influential thinkers of the 19th century. Along with Charles Sanders Peirce, William James established the school of thought known as "Pragmatism", a philosophy which rejected the idea that language and thought exists simply to represent nature, but rather it must be useful in transacting with nature, in predicting outcomes, and solving problems. First published...
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Philosopher, mathematician and social critic, Bertrand Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950. In The Analysis of Mind, one of his most influential and exciting books, Russell presents an intriguing reconciliation of the materialism of psychology with the antimaterialism of physics. This book established a new conception of the mind and provided one of the most original and interesting externalist accounts of knowledge. Drawing...
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In the Statesman the discussion is partly regarded as an illustration of method, and that analogies are brought from afar which throw light on the main subject. The search after the Statesman, which is carried on, like that for the Sophist, by the method of dichotomy, gives an opportunity for many humorous and satirical remarks.
9) What is art?
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While Tolstoy may be best remembered as the talented Russian author of such monumentally great works as "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina", he also wrote prolifically in essay format on various subjects. In this volume Tolstoy turns his attention to the study of aesthetics and art in all its forms. Based on fifteen years of research, "What is Art?" is Tolstoy's intellectual exposition into answering the titular question. Rich with criticism for his...
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"Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic" is French philosopher Henri Bergson's treatise on laughter and the timeless role of comedy in human society. Originally published in three parts in French in 1900 and translated into English in 1924, Bergson makes three essential observations about laughter and comedy. First, that comedy is a necessary human behavior and acts as a sort of caricature or parody of essential human activities and behaviors....
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Originally published in 1907, this little volume presents M. Maeterlinck in a new character, not as a dramatist, but as a philosopher and an aesthetician. It is some sort of an 'apology' for his theatre. He visualises and synthesises his ideas of life and seems most anxious to share these thoughts with the reader. Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive....
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Metaphysics, or the attempt to conceive the world as a whole by means of thought, has been developed, from the first, by the union and conflict of two very different human impulses, the one urging men towards mysticism, the other urging them towards science. Some men have achieved greatness through one of these impulses alone, others through the other alone: in Hume, for example, the scientific impulse reigns quite unchecked, while in Blake a strong...
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In this work, Freud describes psychological mechanisms at work within mass movements. A mass, according to Freud, is a 'temporary entity, consisting of heterogeneous elements that have joined together for a moment.' He refers to the writings of sociologist and psychologist Gustave Le Bon, summarizing his work at the beginning of the book.
14) Protagoras
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Plato's "Protagoras" is a series of debates or arguments between Socrates and the elderly Protagoras, who was a well-known Sophist. Socrates was deeply critical of the Sophists, who were teachers or wise men who charged money for educating students and dispensing wisdom. He believed them to be corrupt and dangerous men, who could lead their pupils astray. In Plato's dialogue, Socrates challenges Protagoras and his beliefs in front of an audience of...
15) Epidemics
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Early in the beginning of spring, and through the summer, and towards winter, many of those who had been long gradually declining, took to bed with symptoms of phthisis; in many cases formerly of a doubtful character the disease then became confirmed; in these the constitution inclined to the phthisical. Many, and, in fact, the most of them, died; and of those confined to bed, I do not know if a single individual survived for any considerable time;...
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We have now to consider the parts which are useful to animals for movement in place (locomotion); first, why each part is such as it is and to what end they possess them; and second, the differences between these parts both in one and the same creature, and again by comparison of the parts of creatures of different species with one another. First then let us lay down how many questions we have to consider.
17) On the Heavens
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THE science which has to do with nature clearly concerns itself for the most part with bodies and magnitudes and their properties and movements, but also with the principles of this sort of substance, as many as they may be. For of things constituted by nature some are bodies and magnitudes, some possess body and magnitude, and some are principles of things which possess these. Now a continuum is that which is divisible into parts always capable of...
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Ancient accounts of Aristotle credit him with 170 Constitutions of various states; it is widely assumed that these were research for the Politics, and that many of them were written or drafted by his students. Athens, however, was a particularly important state, and where Aristotle was living at the time; it is plausible that, even if students did the others, Aristotle did that one himself, and possible that it was, intended as, a model for the rest....
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Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.) is one of the best known of the Ancient Greeks, and his Hippocratic Oath is still in use today. An ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens, Hippocrates is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine, known simply as the Father of Western medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of medicine....
20) Oath and Law
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Medicine is of all the Arts the most noble; but, not withstanding, owing to the ignorance of those who practice it, and of those who, inconsiderately, form a judgment of them, it is at present far behind all the other arts. Their mistake appears to me to arise principally from this, that in the cities there is no punishment connected with the practice of medicine (and with it alone) except disgrace, and that does not hurt those who are familiar with...